Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement
Part 1: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix
| Global Healthcare Issue |
Universal Health Coverage |
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| Description | The World Health Organization (WHO) primarily focuses on the improved quality access of healthcare services to all individuals.
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| Country | United States
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China |
| Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue | Fee-for-Service Policy:
This policy is a traditional sort in which the healthcare insurance companies pays for the people who covered within the policy (WebMD, 2018). |
National Essential Medicines Policy (NEMP):
This policy promotes the affordability and availability of the essential medicines with reduced economic burden on the recipients of healthcare (Ding & Wu, 2017). |
| What are the strengths of this policy? | This policy allows variety of choice of healthcare providers and organization. A patient can consult to any healthcare provider and organization with respect to his healthcare needs (Bizmatic, 2018).
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This policy reduces patient’s economic burden through selling all medicines at zero markup. It also reducers patients visit to high level hospitals (Ding & Wu, 2017). |
| What are the weaknesses of this policy? | The weaknesses include that the policy is quite expensive. Moreover, this policy does not cover any preventive measures associated programs (Bizmatic, 2018). | This policy does not include all medicines but the healthcare providers only have to choose from the National Essential Medicines List (NEML) and the supplementary provincial essential medicines list (Ding & Wu, 2017). |
| Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)
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The social determinants of health put significant impact on the universal health coverage in US. For instance, following the statistics of 2018, Alaska has 6.5% unemployment and many citizens are working at lower wages (Statista, 2019). Therefore, it is quite difficult for these individuals to afford high expenditure of healthcare. | The universal health coverage associates with social health determinants. For example, the employment rate of Heilongjiang is 4.21% which makes it difficult to achieve their healthcare needs (Statista, 2019). |
| How has each country’ government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? | Government is sincerely working on resolving this issue. The previous president implemented Affordable Care Act (ACA) to promote insurance so that maximum number of Americans could receive care apart from its expense (Béland, Rocco, & Waddan, 2016). Moreover, Trump tries to associate Congress with US healthcare, which will reduce Medicare expense (Rice, Unruh, van Ginneken, Rosenau, & Barnes, 2018).
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The president of China, Xi Jinping centralize the healthcare needs of its citizens. Therefore, he approved Healthy China 2030 plan, which outlined by China’s state council and Central Party Committee (WHO, 2018). This plan will develop long term healthcare strategic planning and promotes healthcare services to citizens. |
| How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) | The fee-for-service policy provided insurance that helps the insurers in access to quality healthcare services, whenever they need. For instance, a person with insurance can immediately receive care if he suffered from any incident such as infectious disease like cancer. Under fee-for-service the person will receive complete and quality care. | The NEMP provides essential medications to patients, which fulfill patient’s needs at greater extent (Ding & Wu, 2017). Therefore, it complies with the global agenda of Universal Health Coverage. |
| Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurse in each country. | This policy restricts each nurse and healthcare provider in provision of quality services and value care (Bizmatic, 2018). | This policy puts significant impact on nurses and doctors because under this policy nurses and doctors are allowed to prescribe drugs from the NEML (Ding & Wu, 2017). Therefore, they have to be careful while prescribing drugs. Prescription of false drug may cause severe damage to patient. |
| Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) | The universal health coverage puts significant impact on local healthcare organization and policies. For example, if the individuals of a local area prefer their local healthcare organization for their healthcare needs. However, for specialized care these individuals require to more to other organizations, which is not possible for all individuals (Tangcharoensathien, Mills, & Palu, 2015 Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement).
Therefore, the universal health coverage provides quality care to all individuals from their local healthcare organization. Due to which the quality of these organizations up rises and they will develop more impactful policies. |
The China’s local health organization and policies significantly impact from Universal Health coverage. Most of the organization primarily works to promote healthcare delivery to all patients and create policies as NEMP made in Tianjin (Ding & Wu, 2017). |
| General Notes/Comments | Under fee-for-service policy, the US healthcare industry tries to overcome financial load. However, this policy is expensive enough that it only be applied on certain population. Therefore, a better policy is still required that promotes Universal Health Coverage in US.
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This policy has great significance in achieving the Universal Health Coverage agenda. |
Part 2: Narrative Statement
- Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
Following the policies of US and China, I advocate the Universal Health Coverage issue following the NEMP of China. As a nurse, I will ensure the provision of right medicine with broader outcomes. My skills would also be affected with the selection of medicine with broader outcomes but reduced side effects.
- Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
The incorporation of global perspective would impact my practices through the quality of provided services. Moreover, the outcomes and time period for each patient to recover would also impact my role as a nurse leader.
- Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples.
The incorporation of Universal Health Coverage in my practices brings great social change because being a nurse I directly comes in contact with patient. I would better help them in understanding their health needs and improve their social determinants such as their lifestyle. If the patients understand their needs and changes their lifestyle and similar other social habit that are easy to change then their overall health coverage would be greater.
Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement References
Béland, D., Rocco, P., & Waddan, A. (2016). Obamacare and the politics of universal health insurance coverage in the United States. Social Policy & Administration, 50(4), 428-451.
Bizmatic. (2018). What Is Fee for Service in Healthcare? Retrieved from https://prognocis.com/what-is-fee-for-service-in-healthcare/
Ding, L., & Wu, J. (2017). The impact of China’s National Essential Medicine Policy and its implications for urban outpatients: a multivariate difference-in-differences study. Value in Health, 20(3), 412-419.
Rice, T., Unruh, L. Y., van Ginneken, E., Rosenau, P., & Barnes, A. J. (2018). Universal coverage reforms in the USA: From Obamacare through Trump. Health Policy, 122(7), 698-702.
Statista. (2019). State unemployment rate in the U.S. as of February 2019 (seasonally adjusted). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/200017/state-unemployment-rate-in-the-us/
Statista. (2019). Unemployment rate in urban China in 2017, by region. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/278354/unemployment-rate-in-china-by-region/
Tangcharoensathien, V., Mills, A., & Palu, T. (2015). Accelerating health equity: the key role of universal health coverage in the Sustainable Development Goals. BMC medicine, 13(1), 101.
WebMD. (2018). Fee-for-service (FFS). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/health-insurance/terms/fee-for-service
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Healthy China 2030 (from vision to action). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/9gchp/healthy-china/en/
Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Example 2
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Global Health Comparison Grid Template
| Global Healthcare Issue |
HIV/AIDS |
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| Description | HIV is one of the world’s most serious health and development challenges. The World Health Organization estimates that currently, about 30 million people are living with HIV, while tens of millions have succumbed to it since it first emerged (WHO, 2016).
No cure has been found for the virus but tremendous strides have been made regarding research into possible vaccines. Currently, the virus is managed by the administration of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) and advocating for preventive measures such as behavior change programs, use of condoms, abstinence, and male circumcision. Global efforts to combat the epidemic were launched with the establishment of the United Nations Program on AIDS (UNAIDS) in 1987. The Global Fund, dedicated to combating AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals are other global initiatives against AIDS. Besides, there are regional as well as country-specific initiatives aimed at combating further spread of the epidemic.
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| Country | United States
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Kenya |
| Describe the policy in each country related to the identified healthcare issue |
The US has several policies aimed at fighting the epidemic both globally and locally. However, the National HIV/AIDS Strategy which was launched by President Barack Obama in 2010 remains one of the boldest steps to combat the epidemic. The objectives of the strategy are; reduction of new HIV infections; improving health outcomes for HIV patients; increasing access to healthcare; eliminating disparities and inequalities for people living with HIV/AIDS; and synchronization of response to HI/AIDS (De Jesus & Williams, 2018). |
Kenya enacted the HIV Prevention and Control Act in 2006 with several objectives regarding the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. The act was established to; promote public awareness about causes, modes of transmission, effects, means of prevention and control of HIV; promote safety and universal precautions in practices and procedures that carry the risk of HIV transmission; protection of human rights of individuals suspected or known to be infected with the virus; and address and eradicate conditions that aggravate the spread of HIV infections (Nyaga et al., 2010). |
| What are the strengths of this policy? | The strengths of the policy include; reduction in stigmatization rates for people living with HIV, support for research in drug and vaccine development; and making HIV treatment and healthcare affordable to the masses (De Jesus & Williams, 2018).
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With the act in place, various strides have been made to combat the virus. Some of them include; provision of free HIV/AIDS screening tests to determine the extent of prevalence, reductions of mother-to-child infections; reduction in HIV-related morbidity and mortality rates, and improved healthcare services for HIV patients.
The policy has also advocated for increased public awareness and knowledge about the epidemic. With this, discrimination and stigmatization related to the disease have significantly reduced (Nyaga et al., 2010). |
| What are the weaknesses of this policy? | The weaknesses of the strategy include; failure to quantify the population size of unmet service needs and failure to provide steps towards addressing the existing barriers to care and treatment that are pervasive in the country (De Jesus & Williams, 2018).
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The policy has not attained much regarding the elimination of social and economic inequalities and cultural barriers to HIV/AIDS prevention (Nyaga et al., 2010). |
| Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the specified global health issue. (Be specific and provide examples)
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Social determinants of health continue to impact HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment in the US. Notable social determinants of health in the US include poverty, racial discrimination, and unequal access to healthcare.
For example, studies indicate that Africa-Americans have a higher probability of contracting the virus and due to poverty they are also highly likely to die from the virus more than the white majority (Singh et al, 2017). |
In Kenya, social determinants of health affecting the war on HIV include high poverty levels, illiteracy, and stigma.
Many rural populations are nor educated and find it difficult to comprehend HIV prevention measures hence leading to an increase in new infections. Poverty levels are also high hence HIV prevalence among the poor such as fishing communities and commercial sex workers are high. Poverty also limits access to healthcare. |
| How has each country’s government addressed cost, quality, and access to the selected global health issue? | The government has increased its testing capacity by targeting to test all people within the 15-65 age brackets annually despite their status. The Medicare program also covers pregnant mothers and people outside of the above age bracket hence increasing testing and access to health care at no additional cost (Pellowski et al., 2013).
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HIV/AIDS testing, treatment, and management services in public hospitals and health facilities are provided free of charge. The National Hospital Insurance Fund also covers medication for HIV patients in appointed health facilities. |
| How has the identified health policy impacted the health of the global population? (Be specific and provide examples) | The policy is in line with global efforts to combat the virus through prevention, care, diagnosis, support, and treatment of the virus. This is also in tandem with other governments’ and health authorities’ initiatives.
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Government efforts have promoted the dissemination of information on the epidemic and also participated in research to find possible cure and vaccination against the virus hence augmenting global efforts. It has also collaborated with other governments and NGOs fighting the epidemic. |
| Describe the potential impact of the identified health policy on the role of nurses in each country. | The role of the nurse in the US has been expanded with the health strategy. Being frontline workers, nurses are charged with creating public awareness, attending to HIV patients, and offering the necessary support. They are also heavily involved in policy formulation (Burke, 2016).
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The nurse is the first contact that a patient encounters when visiting a health facility. With the act coming into force, the role of the nurse has expanded particularly regarding treatment and public awareness. They have also been at the center of the war against stigmatization and discrimination. |
| Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. (Be specific and provide examples) | Global health issues exert significant pressure on local health institutions and government policies. For example, the outbreak of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the US forced the government to move with speed to formulate appropriate policies to tackle the health problem. Funding for the State Department of Health had to also increase to help in prevention and research efforts. In 2017 for instance, the Center for Disease Control spent about $340 million for the prevention of HIV (Biesma et al., 2018).
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In Kenya, the outbreak of HIV/AIDS increased government expenditure on the prevention and treatment of HIV. It also generated a significant increase in the overall burden of disease. Besides, primary healthcare was also significantly weakened by the epidemic. |
| General Notes/Comments | The policy continues to attain its intended purpose.
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The policy has helped the country to make tremendous strides in combating the spread of HIV although several challenges have been encountered. |
As a nurse leader, it is my responsibility to assess situations surrounding important health issues and advocate for justice and equality. To succeed in this respect, I would need to partner with lawmakers and inter-professional leaders to help in identifying, implementing, and evaluating a strength-based approach that engages all stakeholders in addressing global health issues.
Nurses exert a significant influence on the everyday lives of people and their health. Incorporating a global perspective or lens to one’s local practice will enable nurse leaders to apply their knowledge and skills to address issues affecting population health across local communities. Incorporating a global perspective into the local practice results in social change in several ways. For example, nurse leaders using global perspectives in their practice may significantly help vulnerable and underserved populations in accessing healthcare.
References
Biesma, R. G., Brugha, R., Harmer, A., Walsh, A., Spicer, N., & Walt, G. (2018). The effects of global health initiatives on the US health systems: a review of the evidence from HIV/AIDS control. Health policy and planning, 24(4), 239-252.
Burke, S. (2016). Influence through policy: Nurses have a unique role. Reflections on Nursing Leadership.
Curtis, E. A., de Vries, J., & Sheerin, F. K. (2011). Developing leadership in nursing: exploring core factors. British Journal of Nursing, 20(5), 306-309.
De Jesus, M., & Williams, D. R. (2018). The Care and Prevention in the United States Demonstration Project: a call for more focus on the social determinants of HIV/AIDS. Public Health Reports, 133(2_suppl), 28S-33S.
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS. (2002). Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS.
Nyaga, R. K., Kimani, D. N., Mwabu, G., & Kimenyi, M. S. (2010). HIV/AIDS in Kenya: A review of research and policy issues. Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA).
Pellowski, J. A., Kalichman, S. C., Matthews, K. A., & Adler, N. (2013). A pandemic of the poor: Social disadvantage and the US HIV epidemic. American Psychologist, 68(4), 197.
Singh, G. K., Daus, G. P., Allender, M., Ramey, C. T., Martin, & Vedamuthu, I. P. (2017). Social determinants of health in the United States: addressing major health inequality trends for the nation, 1935-2016. International Journal of MCH and AIDS, 6(2), 139.
World Health Organization. (2016). Global health sector strategy on HIV 2016-2021. Towards ending AIDS (No. WHO/HIV/2016.05). World Health Organization.
Assignment: Global Healthcare Comparison Matrix and Narrative Statement Instructions
If you talk about a possible poor health outcome, do you believe that outcome will occur? Do you believe eye contact and personal contact should be avoided?
You would have a difficult time practicing as a nurse if you believed these to be true. But they are very real beliefs in some cultures.
Differences in cultural beliefs, subcultures, religion, ethnic customs, dietary customs, language, and a host of other factors contribute to the complex environment that surrounds global healthcare issues. Failure to understand and account for these differences can create a gulf between practitioners and the public they serve.
In this Assignment, you will examine a global health issue and consider the approach to this issue by the United States and by one other country.
To Prepare:
· Review the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global health agenda and select one global health issue to focus on for this Assignment.
· Select at least one additional country to compare to the U.S. for this Assignment.
· Reflect on how the global health issue you selected is approached in the U.S. and in the additional country you selected.
· Review and download the Global Health Comparison Matrix provided in the Resources.
The Assignment:
1- 2-page Global Health Comparison Matrix.
1-page Plan for Social Change)
Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix
Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:
· Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study.
· Explain the strengths and weaknesses of each policy.
· Explain how the social determinants of health may impact the global health issue you selected. Be specific and provide examples.
· Using the WHO’s Organization’s global health agenda as well as the results of your own research, analyze how each country’s government addresses cost, quality, and access to the global health issue selected.
· Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the health of the global population. Be specific and provide examples.
· Explain how the health policy you selected might impact the role of the nurse in each country.
· Explain how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries. Be specific and provide examples.
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment and the impact that global health issues may have on the world, the U.S., your community, as well as your practice as a nurse leader.
In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
· Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
· Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
· Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples.
Attached is an the assignment for global health comparison. . The grid has to be entirely completed. I reviewed some health care issues with a lot of information that can be easily compared with the United States including the World health Organization (WHO). Issues such as the recent Covid-19 virus, influenza pandemic, Ebola virus, MERS-SARS, and HIV/Aids. There are countries with a high prevalence in comparison with the United States such as china and the African continents. Please elaborate to fill in the grid template entirely. Thank you.
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Global Healthcare Issues and Policies
Part 1: Global Health Comparison Matrix
Focusing on the country you selected and the U.S., complete the Global Health Comparison Matrix. Be sure to address the following:
• Consider the U.S. national/federal health policies that have been adapted for the global health issue you selected from the WHO global health agenda. Compare these policies to the additional country you selected for study.
45 (45%) – 50 (50%)
Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country.
Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country. Specific examples are provided.
Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue.
Response provides a clear and accurate explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population. Detailed and accurate supporting examples are provided.
Response provides a clear and complete explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse.
Response provides an accurate and detailed explanation of how the global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries.
40 (40%) – 44 (44%)
Response provides an explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country.
Response provides an explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country. Specific examples may be provided.
Response provides an explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue.
Response provides an explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population. Supporting examples may be provided.
Response provides an explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse.
Response provides an explanation of how the global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries.
35 (35%) – 39 (39%)
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and another country, and/or the examples, are vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the health of the global population, and/or supporting examples, is vague or inaccurate.
Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague or incomplete.
Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in each of the two countries is vague or inaccurate.
0 (0%) – 34 (34%)
Explanation of the strengths and weaknesses of policies in the U.S. and another country is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the social determinants of health impact the issue in the U.S. and in another country, and the examples, are vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the governments of the two countries address cost, quality, and access related to the issue is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how the policy in each of the two countries impacts the global population, and supporting examples, is missing.
Explanation of how the policies in each country impact the role of the nurse is vague and inaccurate, or is missing.
Explanation of how global health issues impact local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries is missing.
The Nurse’s Role in Global Healthcare
Part 2: A Plan for Social Change
Reflect on the global health policy comparison and analysis you conducted in Part 1 of the Assignment. In a 1-page response, create a plan for social change that incorporates a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
• Explain how you would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
• Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact your local practice and role as a nurse leader.
• Explain how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into your local practice as a nurse leader represents and contributes to social change. Be specific and provide examples.
32 (32%) – 35 (35%)
Response provides a clear and thorough explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader.
Response provides a clear and thorough explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader.
Response clearly and thoroughly explains in detail how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change. Accurate and detailed supporting examples are provided.
28 (28%) – 31 (31%)
Response provides an explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader.
Response provides an explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader.
Response explains how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change. Some supporting examples are provided.
25 (25%) – 27 (27%)
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete.
Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague or incomplete.
Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples provided, are vague or incomplete.
0 (0%) – 24 (24%)
Explanation of how one would advocate for the incorporation of a global perspective or lens into his/her role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete, or is missing.
Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens might impact local practice and the role as a nurse leader is vague and incomplete, or is missing.
Explanation of how the incorporation of a global perspective or lens in one’s role as a nurse represents and contributes to social change, and/or supporting examples, is missing.
Written Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization:
Paragraphs make clear points that support well developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused–neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity.
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion is provided which delineates all required criteria.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time.
Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is stated, yet is brief and not descriptive.
3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%- 79% of the time.
Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment is vague or off topic.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time.
No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion was provided.
Written Expression and Formatting – English writing standards:
Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation
5 (5%) – 5 (5%)
Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.
4 (4%) – 4 (4%)
Contains a few (1-2) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
3.5 (3.5%) – 3.5 (3.5%)
Contains several (3-4) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
0 (0%) – 3 (3%)
Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.
Written Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.