HLT 362 Week 1 Statistics Assignment

HLT 362 Week 1 Statistics Assignment Example

Application of Statistics in Healthcare

Interdisciplinary dependence and multisectoral collaboration are vital to healthcare. Healthcare is a sector that cannot stand alone and borrows highly from statistics, education, and technology to enhance success in healthcare activities. The collaboration increases the quality of healthcare and other fields. Statistics is one of the most applied disciplines. Healthcare professionals utilize statistics in all its vital processes, from prevention and health promotion to research, staff education, curative services, and rehabilitation. Vital activities such as quality improvement, staffing, and resource allocation also utilize statistics. This essay explores the interaction between statistics and healthcare and its use in daily activities.

Application of Statistics in Healthcare

Statistics are vital to quality care delivery. Healthcare leaders utilize statistics to perform their daily activities. These activities include performance appraisal, resource allocation and budgeting, staff scheduling, delegation, and quality improvement. Performance appraisal methods utilize numerical methods to convert staff performance using numerical figures for organizational purposes such as promotion, demotion, salary, and other benefits adjustments (Lin et al., 2019).

Resource allocation and budget preparation are vital leadership roles that require extensive use of statistics for their successful completion. Nurse leaders assess organizational needs and prepare to allocate resources depending on the urgency and significance of these activities. Staff scheduling and delegation also require the nurse leader to utilize their knowledge of statistics to balance the schedules and ensure staff are evenly distracted and given tasks that require their knowledge, experience, and training (Fowlers et al., 2021).

Statistics’s role in quality improvement projects and delivery of care cannot be underestimated. Healthcare professionals use data to determine the presence, severity, and causes of problems within the healthcare facility. Statistics in quality improvement are useful in pre-implementation research, ongoing assessment, and post-implementation survey.

Healthcare leaders use statistics to ascertain an innovative idea’s relevance and environmental conduciveness. They then use statistics to ensure project implementations are according to plan. They collect data and perform surveys which they analyze using statistical methods to determine their relevance and test hypothesis. Lin and Kellough (2019) note that well-curated statistical methods in performance appraisal are vital for bias-free evaluation, talent recognition, and fair workers’ appraisal.

Statistics are useful in evaluating interventions such as healthcare technologies. Kim et al. (2020) note that statistical tests such as chi-square and regression analysis tests are widely used in healthcare to determine the statistical relevance of data in statistics. They help quantify change and thus help do away with retrogressive or ineffective practices hence maintaining quality care delivery.

Most desired patient outcomes in quality improvement initiatives, such as self-reported healthcare experiences, mortality, morbidity, and remission, depend on statistics for their successful evaluation. Thus, statistics are vital for quality care delivery and healthcare evaluation.

Statistics are also vital in patient safety. Healthcare dashboards are some technologies that utilize statistical data to promote patient safety (Simsekler & Qazi, 2022). Healthcare institutions and relevant regulatory bodies assess healthcare data and develop benchmarks against which organizations measure their performance in promoting care quality and patient safety.

Dashboard metrics include the number of patients with nosocomial infections, older adults with pressure ulcers, and the percentage of older adults who sustain falls. Healthcare institutions evaluate their data against these benchmarks and initiate quality improvement initiatives to promote patient safety (Simsekler & Qazi, 2022).

Other uses of data in patient safety are in disaster preparedness. Healthcare institutions collaborate with other sectors and statistically evaluate epidemics and natural disasters to determine the resources needed and plan adequately for the events. Thus, statistics and statistical data are vital in promoting patient safety.

Statistics are also helpful in health promotion and preventive health services. Stewart (2018) notes that statistics are vital in identifying disease patterns and determining the diseases with the greatest need for preventive and promotive health services. For example, the US has a high burden of diabetes, obesity, and heart disease mortality and healthcare costs; hence, there is a nationwide need for preventive and promotive health services in these areas (Benjamin et al., 2019).

The disease burden varies with regions, and assessing the immediate community using statistical methods helps professionals determine the areas with the greatest need and thus help implement change as needed. Besides, statistical data is vital in evaluating the effectiveness of these preventive and promotive health interventions in achieving the desired outcomes (Kim et al., 2020). For example, numerous studies conducted and analyzed using statistical methods have behavior change with adequate diabetes control (Bean et al., 2021). Thus, statistical data is indispensable and preventive and promotive health services.

Utilizing Statistical Knowledge in Healthcare

Statistical data collection occurs daily, actively, or inactively. Routine documentation of patients’ diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes is a passive source of statistical data. Healthcare providers collect the data as they interact with patients routinely. It forms the least expensive and continuous source of data. Healthcare institutions also actively research directed to certain objectives such as disease surveillance or QI improvement. The data source is more accurate, reliable, and less cumbersome but more expensive. These data sources are interdependent and provide vital statistical data for healthcare activities.

The healthcare facility’s statistical data helps in day-to-day tasks such as delegation and task allocation. Other vital purposes are care continuity and billing purposes during discharge and transfers. Care providers assess healthcare data in patient management to inform their decisions on further care. Nurses and other healthcare professionals use statistical knowledge to perform dosage calculations, balance stock, and order supplies (Fowler et al., 2021). They use patient data to determine their needs, such as medications and non-medical supplies to meet their needs.

Data is collected for legal purposes and also as evidence of care delivered. Occasionally, the institution conducts specific research, such as the evaluation of staff attitude towards new technology or QI, as mentioned earlier. The institution then uses the data to determine further actions, such as staff training or improvement of the QI based on the research results. Healthcare institutions also use their statistical data to seek support from stakeholders. Fowler et al. (2021) note that statistical data is a powerful tool for convincing stakeholders and leveraging financial support. Thus, statistical data is utilized in day-to-day healthcare activities and is vital in decision-making in all healthcare institution’s departments.

Conclusion

Statistics are vital in healthcare, and their roles are undisputably vital. Most nursing activities require good decision-making, such as resource allocation, budgeting, staffing, delegation, medication administration, and research. These uses make them vital for promoting leadership roles, quality care delivery, and patient safety. Nurses must thus have a deep understanding of statistics and their roles in health to participate in data collection, analysis, and utilization in improving care quality and patient safety.

References

Bean, C., Dineen, T., Locke, S. R., Bouvier, B., & Jung, M. E. (2021). An evaluation of the reach and effectiveness of a diabetes prevention behavior change program situated in a community site. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 45(4), 360-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.10.006

Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., … & American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2019). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139(10), e56-e528. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000659

Fowler, J., Jarvis, P., & Chevannes, M. (2021). Practical statistics for nursing and health care. John Wiley & Sons.

Kim, M., Mallory, C., & Valerio, T. (2020). Statistics for evidence-based practice in nursing. (3^rd Ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Lin, Y. C., & Kellough, J. E. (2019). Performance appraisal problems in the public sector: Examining supervisors’ perceptions. Public Personnel Management, 48(2), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026018801045

Simsekler, M. C. E., & Qazi, A. (2022). Adoption of a data‐driven Bayesian belief network investigating organizational factors that influence patient safety. Risk Analysis, 42(6), 1277-1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13610

Stewart, A. (2018). Basic statistics and epidemiology: a practical guide. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315383286

Week 1 Statistics Assessment Description

Statistical application and the interpretation of data is important in health care. Review the statistical concepts covered in this topic. In a 750-1,000 word paper, discuss the significance of statistical application in health care. Include the following:

Describe the application of statistics in health care. Specifically discuss its significance to quality, safety, health promotion, and leadership.
Consider your organization or specialty area and how you utilize statistical knowledge. Discuss how you obtain statistical data, how statistical knowledge is used in day-to-day operations and how you apply it or use it in decision making.

Three peer-reviewed, scholarly or professional references are required.

Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

HLT 362 Week 1 Statistics Assignment Rubric Criteria

Application of Statistics in Health Care (quality, safety, health promotion, leadership

Application of statistics in health care is described in detail. The significance to quality, safety, health promotion, and leadership is described thoroughly for all criteria. Strong information and rationale is provided to fully illustrate the application of statistics, and its significance, to health care and the specific areas.

Application of Statistical Knowledge to Organization or Specialty Area30 points

Criteria Description

Application of Statistical Knowledge to Organization or Specialty Area

Application of statistical knowledge to organization or specialty area is thoroughly discussed. How statistical data are obtained, used in day-to-day operations, or applied in decision making is described in detail. The ability to understand and apply statistical data is clearly demonstrated.

Thesis Development and Purpose

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

Argument Logic and Construction

Criteria Description

Argument Logic and Construction

Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

Paper Format

Criteria Description

Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

All format elements are correct.

Documentation of Sources

Criteria Description

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

HLT 362 Week 1 Statistics Assignment Resources

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 1 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

Health Topics: Health Statistics

Explore the Health Statistics page of the MedlinePluse website.

https://medlineplus.gov/healthstatistics.html

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval Ratio: Examples

Read “Nominal, Ordinal, Interval Ratio: Examples,” by Stephanie (2014), located on the Statistics How To website.

https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com/nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/

Data and Statistics

Explore the Data and Statistics page of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.

https://www.cdc.gov/datastatistics/index.html

Introduction

Read “Introduction,” and watch the associated videos by Lane, Hebl, Osherson, and Zeimer, from Online Statistics Educati

Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing: Levels of Evidence

Read “Evidence-Based Practice for Nursing: Levels of Evidence,” located on the Northern Virginia Community College website.

https://libguides.nvcc.edu/c.php?g=361218&p=2439383

Health

Explore Health page of the United States Census Bureau website.

https://www.census.gov/topics/health.html

Quality Data Critical to Healthcare Decision-Making

Read “Quality Data Critical to Healthcare Decision-Making,” by Nicholson and Penney (2004), located on the American Health Inform

Measuring the Quality of Healthcare in the U.S.

Read “Measuring the Quality of Healthcare in the U.S.,” by Claxton, Cox, Gonzales, Kamal, and Levitt (2015), located on the Peter

Measuring the quality of healthcare in the U.S.

Fundamentals of Statistics 1: Basic Concepts :: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio

Read “Fundamentals of Statistics 1: Basic Concepts :: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio,” located on the Usable Stats website.

http://www.usablestats.com/lessons/noir

Health Statistics

Explore the Health Statistics page of the MedlinePlus website.

https://medlineplus.gov/healthstatistics.html

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

HLT 362 Week 1 Article Analysis 1

Article Analysis 1

Assessment Traits

Requires Lopeswrite

Assessment Description

The interpretation of research in health care is essential to decision making. By understanding research, health care providers can identify risk factors, trends, outcomes for treatment, health care costs and best practices. To be effective in evaluating and interpreting research, the reader must first understand how to interpret the findings. You will practice article analysis in Topics 2, 3, and 5.

For this assignment:

Search the GCU Library and find three different health care articles that use quantitative research. Do not use articles that appear in the topic Resources or textbook. Complete an article analysis for each using the “Article Analysis 1” template.

Refer to the “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial,” in conjunction with the “Article Analysis Example 1,” for an example of an article analysis.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Rubric Criteria

Three Quantitative Articles

Criteria Description

Three Quantitative Articles

Three articles are presented. All three articles are based on quantitative research.

Article Citation and Permalinka 2

Criteria Description

Article Citation and Permalinka 2

Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is accurately presented in APA format. Page numbers are accurate and used in all areas when citing information.

Broad Topic Area/Title

Criteria Description

Broad Topic Area/Title

Broad topic area and title are fully presented and accurate.

Independent and Dependent Variables and Type of Data for Variables

Criteria Description

Independent and Dependent Variables and Type of Data for Variables

Variable types and data for variables are presented and accurate.

Population of Interest for the Study

Criteria Description

Population of interest for the study is presented and accurate.

Sample

Criteria Description

Sample is presented and accurate.

Sampling Method

Criteria Description

Sampling method is presented and accurate.

Descriptive Statistics

Criteria Description

Descriptive Statistics (mean, median, mode; standard deviation) (Identify examples of descriptive statistics in the article.)

Inferential Statistics (Identify examples of inferential statistics in the article.)

Criteria Description

Inferential Statistics (Identify examples of inferential statistics in the article.)

Mechanics of Writing

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)

The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

REFERENCES MUST BE BETWEEN 2019-2023

Ten Scientific Questions to Ask About Scientific Studies

Read “Ten Scientific Questions to Ask About Scientific Studies,” by Smith, from Greater Good Magazine (2015).

https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/10_questions_to_ask_about_scientific_studies

Sampling Methods in Clinical Research: an Educational Review

Read “Sampling Methods in Clinical Research: an Educational Review,” by Elfil and Negida, from Emergency (2017).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 2 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

Article Analysis 1

Use the Article Analysis 1″ template to complete the Article Analysis 1 assignment.

HLT-362V-RS2-ArticleAnalysis-1-Template.docx

Article Analysis 1

Article Citation and Permalink (APA format)	Article 1	Article 2	Article 3
Point	Description	Description	Description
Broad Topic Area/Title
Identify Independent and Dependent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables
Population of Interest for the Study
Sample
Sampling Method
Descriptive Statistics (Mean, Median, Mode; Standard Deviation) Identify examples of descriptive statistics in the article.
Inferential Statistics Identify examples of inferential statistics in the article.

Article Analysis Example 1

Review this document in conjunction with the “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COP

HLT-362V-RS2-ArticleAnalysisExample-1.docx

Chapter 9: Sampling Distributions

Read “Chapter 9: Sampling Distributions,” and watch the associated videos by Utens et al., from Online Statistics Educa

Eight Questions to Ask When Interpreting Academic Studies: A Primer for Media

Read “Eight Questions to Ask When Interpreting Academic Studies: A Primer for Media,” by Feldman and Wihbey (2015), located on th

Chapter 8: Strategies for Sampling

Read “Chapter 8: Strategies for Sampling,” by Morse, from the online eBook, Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary

Research 101: Descriptive Statistics

Read “Research 101: Descriptive Statistics,” by Conner and Johnson, from American Nurse Today (2017).

https://www.americannursetoday.com/research-101-descriptive-statistics/

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial

Read “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised

HLT-362 Topic 3: Clinical Inquiry and Hypothesis Testing

Assessment Traits

Requires Lopeswrite

Assessment Description

Search the GCU Library and find two new health care articles that use quantitative research. Do not use articles from a previous assignment, or articles that appear in the topic Resources or textbook.

Complete an article analysis for each using the “Article Analysis: Part 2” template.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Rubric Criteria

Two Quantitative Articles

Criteria Description

Two Quantitative Articles

Two articles are presented. Both articles are based on quantitative research.

Article Citation and Permalink

Criteria Description

Article Citation and Permalink

Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is accurately presented in APA format. Page numbers are accurate and used in all areas when citing information.

Broad Topic Area/Title

Criteria Description

Broad Topic Area/Title

Broad topic area and title are fully presented and accurate.

Hypothesis

Criteria Description

Hypothesis

Hypothesis is accurate and clearly defined.

Independent and Dependent Variable Type and Data for Variable

Criteria Description

Independent and Dependent Variable Type and Data for Variable

Variable types and data for variables are presented and accurate.

Population of Interest for the Study

Criteria Description

Population of Interest for the Study

Population of interest for the study is presented and accurate.

Sample

Criteria Description

Sample

Sample is presented and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.

Sampling Method

Criteria Description

Sampling Method

Sampling method is presented and accurate.

How Was Data Collected

Criteria Description

How Was Data Collected

The means of data collection are presented and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.

Mechanics of Writing

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)

The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

REFERENCES MUST BE BETWEEN 2019-2023

Chapter 12: Test of Means

Read “Chapter 12: Test of Means” and watch the associated videos, by Lane, from Online Statistics Education: An Interactive M

Article Analysis 2

Use the “Article Analysis 2” template to complete the Article Analysis 2 assignment.

HLT-362V-RS3-ArticleAnalysis-2-Template.docx

Probability, Clinical Decision Making and Hypothesis Testing

Read “Probability, Clinical Decision Making and Hypothesis Testing,” by Banerjee, Jadhave, and Bhawalker, from Industrial Psy

Understanding Null Hypothesis Testing

Read “Understanding Null Hypothesis Testing,” by Jhangiani and Chiang, from the online eBook, Research Methods in P

Understanding Null Hypothesis Testing

Probability, Proof, and Clinical Significance

Read “Probability, Proof, and Clinical Significance,” by Skelly, from Evidence-Based Spine-Care Journal (2011).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3506143/

Hypothesis Testing, Type I and Type II Errors

Read “Hypothesis Testing, Type I and Type II Errors,” by Banerjee, Chitnis, Jadhay, Bhawalkar, and Chaudhury, from Industrial

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 3 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial

Review “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COPD Exacerbations: Results of a Randomised

Chapter 6: Research Design

Read “Chapter 6: Research Design” and watch the associated videos, by Lane, from Online Statistics Education: An Interactive

Article Analysis Example 2

Review this document in conjunction with the “Patient Preference and Satisfaction in Hospital-at-Home and Usual Hospital Care for COP

HLT-362V-RS3-ArticleAnalysisExample-2.docx

Identifying the Differences Between Quality Improvement, Evidence-Based Practice, and Original Research

Read “Identifying the Differences Between Quality Improvement, Evidence-Based Practice, and Original Research,” by Baker et al.,

Statistical Versus Clinical Significance in Nursing Research

Read “Statistical Versus Clinical Significance in Nursing Research,” by El-Masri, from Canadian Journal of Nursing Research

Chapter 11: Logic of Hypothesis Testing

Read “Chapter 11: Logic of Hypothesis Testing,” and watch the associated videos by Lane, from Online Statistics Education: An

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

Chapter 10: Estimation

Read “Chapter 10: Estimation” and watch the associated videos, by Lane, from Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Mult

The Difference Between Quality Improvement, Evidence-Based Practice, and Research

Read “The Difference Between Quality Improvement, Evidence-Based Practice, and Research,” by Ginex, from ONS Voice

HLT 362 Week 4 Quality Improvement Proposal Paper

Quality Improvement Proposal

Assessment Traits

Requires Lopeswrite

Assessment Description

Identify a quality improvement opportunity in your organization or practice. In a 1,250-1,500 word paper, describe the problem or issue and propose a quality improvement initiative based on evidence-based practice. Apply “The Road to Evidence-Based Practice” process, illustrated in Chapter 4 of your textbook, to create your proposal.

Include the following:

Provide an overview of the problem and the setting in which the problem or issue occurs.
Explain why a quality improvement initiative is needed in this area and the expected outcome.
Discuss how the results of previous research demonstrate support for the quality improvement initiative and its projected outcomes. Include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources published within the last 5 years, not included in the Class Resources or textbook, that establish evidence in support of the quality improvement proposed.
Discuss steps necessary to implement the quality improvement initiative. Provide evidence and rationale to support your answer.
Explain how the quality improvement initiative will be evaluated to determine whether there was improvement.
Support your explanation by identifying the variables, hypothesis test, and statistical test that you would need to prove that the quality improvement initiative succeeded.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Quality Improvement Proposal Example

Nurses and other healthcare providers’ roles also include continuously evaluating healthcare services and interventions against their objectives. They identify gaps in care provision and utilize their knowledge and skills to develop effective interventions to ensure patient safety and to provide patients with a safe environment. Problems differ based on the settings, and interventions should target the root causes of these problems. Nurses are the professionals with the most contact with the patients and can use the opportunity to identify gaps and implement interventions for their management. This essay analyzes a current healthcare problem and a quality improvement proposal that can help solve the problem.

Problem Overview and Setting

Medication administration errors are a common problem in inpatient care settings. The errors vary with the department, and critical care areas (especially the emergency department) report the highest number of medication administration errors). Medication errors occur between prescription and administration and can be committed by any healthcare professional. Nurses are professionals close to the patient and administer most medications in healthcare institutions.

The problem causes consequences ranging from near misses and mild overdosages to severe injuries such as organ system failure and death. Medication errors occur more in healthcare settings where many patients require attention, and most have many medications that have a small therapeutic index. Thus, medication administration error is a major problem in inpatient settings at the care facility.

Need For the Quality Improvement Initiative and The Expected Outcome

Medication administration errors are the most common medication errors, and medication errors are the most common medical errors, making medication administration errors significant. Medication errors cause between 7000000-1000000 deaths yearly, making them a leading cause of unintentional injury and death (Tariq et al., 2020). In addition, medication error injuries and related costs are above $40 billion annually in the US.

A recent study shows that intravenous medication errors have the highest prevalence, and the IV route is the most common in inpatient settings (Härkänen et al., 2019). In addition, medication administration errors are linked with costly lawsuits against the institution and professionals. Tariq et al. (2022) also note that some professionals lose their jobs and end up behind bars, and institutions have suffered hefty fines and indefinite closures.

These technologies prevent errors from occurring during the writing and translating orders and help ensure that care providers prescribe the proper medications, doses, and frequencies for the right patient. More confirmation is also necessary when administering these medications because it is the last and most crucial stage in the medication administration process. The technology will help increase efficiency and thus promote better patient outcomes.

Literature Support for the QI and the Expected Outcomes

Barcode medication administration is a technology that allows nurses and other care providers to scan medication before administering them. The technologies are vital because they are implemented at the point of care. The nurses use a scanner to scan the patient’s wristbands and the medication barcode to ensure it is on the list of medications. Scanning wristbands produces all patient medications on the monitor (in improved device forms), allowing the nurses to reconfirm patient and medication information such as duration, route, and duration (Lin et al., 2018).

The technology also helps detect errors and alert the nurses. The quality improvement project uses barcode medication administration to promote safety and prevent medication errors. The technology will allow nurses to confirm all patient medication rights before administration, thus preventing medication errors (Mulac et al., 2021). According to Mulac et al. (2021), barcode medication administration reduces medication errors and eliminates the severe effects of medication errors. Darawad et al. (2019) show that nursing professionals widely accept the technology because it eliminates errors and allows nurses to detect and prevent medication errors performed in the previous steps in the medication administration process.

The technology improves care by determining errors performed by other professionals, such as pharmacists in dispatch and packing. Thompson et al. (2018) note that barcode medication interventions help professionals ensure flawless care provision, reducing medication administration errors by more than 50%. These errors cease being the most common in medication administration. Owen et al. (2019) show that barcode medication administration in the emergency department reduces errors and enhances nurses job satisfaction.

Current technologies have come in handy in preventing errors such as prescription and transcription errors such as Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) and clinical decision support system (CDSS), which help clinicians diagnose and safely prescribe medications to patients (Khalil et al., 2018). Khalil et al. (2018) note that healthcare technologies help improve medication error prevention efforts and their reporting for better action. Accurate records of these medication errors can help institutions implement survey interventions to help manage them.

Steps Necessary to Implement the Quality Improvement Initiative

Various steps will be involved in implementing the initiative. The steps will be based on the DMAIC Lean Six Sigma quality improvement theory. The theory asserts that quality improvement is a complex and continuous process that entails the evaluation and reevaluation of healthcare services for their involvement (Ahmed, 2019). The first step will define the problem and the proposed quality improvement process.

The information helps create urgency and promote the uptake and acceptance of the quality improvement initiative. The second step will be to quantify the existence of the problem. It will entail collecting data from research and the healthcare dashboard embedded in the healthcare information system. The third step will be analyzing the results to determine the major causes of the problem. These causes include the hasty nature of the hospital environment and knowledge gaps.

The fourth step is improvement; it will entail preparing resources and other necessary processes for the implementation and success of the intervention (Ahmed, 2019). The project executives will prepare the process map and budget, contact the stakeholders and include their feedback, and complete all the necessary authorization before implementing the interventions mentioned.

The Quality Improvement Initiative’s Evaluation

The evaluation of the intervention will be based on the effectiveness of preventing medication administration errors and sentinel events related to medication errors. According to Mulac et al. (2019), barcode medication administration helps reduce administration errors and their negative consequences, such as death and morbidity. These specific consequences, such as high healthcare costs, injuries, and deaths, will be the basis for the QI evaluation.

The QI will utilize data from the healthcare dashboard and electronic health records. Standardized terminologies used to record medication errors and near-misses will be used to collect data on medication errors and their significance to nursing and healthcare. The data will then be analyzed and evaluated against data from a similar period. The project will be implemented for three months before its post-implementation evaluation. However, the results will be analyzed for three months to determine progress or clinical significance.

The hypothesis is that barcode medication administration technology will reduce medication administration errors and medication error costs, injuries, and deaths. The test is a quasi-experimental study involving a controlled trial investigating the effects of introducing barcode medication administration in a unit. The results will be evaluated against similar results of a similar previous period (six months). ANOVA tests, t-tests, and linear regression analysis will help evaluate relationships between these variables. These tests will help determine the relationship between the dependent variable and any similarities or differences between them. These tests will help determine any changes in these variables.

Conclusion

Medication administration errors are significant problems in healthcare and the nursing profession. These are expensive and cost over $40 million and about a million lives annually. Currently implemented technologies in the facility reduce other types of errors, but none help improve the administration process. Barcode medication administration increases the efficiency of the administration process and minimizes medication errors. Existing literature supports using the technology and other current technologies for better outcomes.

Barcode medication administration can benefit from the DMAIC model for its implementation. The process will ensure it is the best intervention to manage medication errors and will help gather support and resources whole containing any resistance against the intervention. The intervention will improve care outcomes and reduce medication administration errors and their associated consequences.

References

Ahmed, S. (2019). Integrating the DMAIC approach of Lean Six Sigma and theory of constraints toward quality improvement in healthcare. Reviews On Environmental Health, 34(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2019-0003

Darawad, M. W., Othman, E. H., & Alosta, M. R. (2019). Nurses’ satisfaction with barcode medication‐administration technology: Results of a cross‐sectional study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 21(4), 461-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12620

Mulac, A., Mathiesen, L., Taxis, K., & Granås, A. G. (2021). Barcode medication administration technology use in hospital practice: a mixed-methods observational study of policy deviations. BMJ Quality & Safety, 30(12), 1021-1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2021-013223

Owens, K., Palmore, M., Penoyer, D., & Viers, P. (2020). The effect of implementing bbarcodeication administration in an emergency department on medication administration errors and nursing satisfaction. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 46(6), 884–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2020.07.004

Tariq, R. A., Vashisht, R., Sinha, A., & Scherbak, Y. (2021). Medication Dispensing Errors And Prevention. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

Thompson, K. M., Swanson, K. M., Cox, D. L., Kirchner, R. B., Russell, J. J., Wermers, R. A., Storlie, C. B., Johnson, M. B., & Naessens, J. M. (2018). Implementation of barcode medication administration to reduce patient harm. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes, 2(4), 342-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.09.001

Khalil, H., Kynoch, K., & Hines, S. (2020). Interventions to ensure medication safety in acute care: an umbrella review. JBI Evidence Implementation, 18(2), 188-211. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000232

Härkänen, M., Vehviläinen-Julkunen, K., Murrells, T., Rafferty, A. M., & Franklin, B. D. (2019). Medication administration errors and mortality: incidents reported in England and Wales between 2007 ̶ 2016. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 15(7), 858-863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.11.010

Rubric Criteria

Problem or Issue in Practice or Organization

Problem or Issue in Practice or Organization

Overview of the problem and the setting in which the problem or issue occurs is described in detail.

Significance of Quality Improvement in Practice or Organization

Criteria Description

Significance of Quality Improvement in Practice or Organization

Explanation of why the quality improvement initiative is need is clearly discussed. The quality improvement initiative would help address the problem within the described setting presented. The expected outcome is thoroughly described. Overall, the explanation is clear and well supported.

Demonstration of Support From Previous Research

Criteria Description

Demonstration of Support From Previous Research

The use of research to demonstrate support for the quality improvement initiative and its projected outcomes is clearly presented. The research results strongly demonstrate support for the initiative and projected outcomes. The three peer-reviewed sources meet all assignment criteria and provide critical support for the initiative.

The use of research to demonstrate support for the quality improvement initiative and its projected outcomes is presented. The research results demonstrate support for the initiative and projected outcomes. The three peer-reviewed sources meet all assignment criteria.

Steps Necessary to Implement Quality Improvement Initiative

Criteria Description

Steps Necessary to Implement Quality Improvement Initiative

The steps necessary to implement the quality improvement initiative are thoroughly discussed. The implantation steps are well supported with evidence and rationale.

Evaluation of Quality Improvement

Criteria Description

Evaluation of Quality Improvement

An explanation for how the quality improvement initiative will be measured is presented in detail. The evaluation is appropriate to the quality improvement initiative. Evaluation proposed is well supported.

An explanation for how the quality improvement initiative will be measured is presented. The evaluation is appropriate to the quality improvement initiative.

Identification of Variables, Hypothesis Test, and Statistical Test

Criteria Description

Identification of Variables, Hypothesis Test, and Statistical Test

The variables, hypothesis, and statistical tests needed to prove the quality improvement succeeded are presented and accurate. The proposed elements will prove whether the quality improvement succeeded.

Thesis Development and Purpose

Criteria Description

Thesis Development and Purpose

Thesis is comprehensive and contains the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.

Argument Logic and Construction

Criteria Description

Argument Logic and Construction

Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.

Mechanics of Writing

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

Paper Format

Criteria Description

Paper Format (use of appropriate style for the major and assignment)

Documentation of Sources

Criteria Description

Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)

Sources are completely and correctly documented, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.

REFERENCES MUST BE BETWEEN 2019-2023

RESSOURCES

Is This Quality Improvement or Research?

Read “Is This Quality Improvement or Research?” by Merrill, from American Nurse Today (2015).

https://www.americannursetoday.com/quality-improvement-research/

Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Read “Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research,”

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 4 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

Chapter 44: Tools and Strategies for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety

Read “Chapter 44: Tools and Strategies for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety,” by Hughes, from the online eBook, Pa

Differentiating Between Research and Quality Improvement

Read “Differentiating Between Research and Quality Improvement,” by Gregory, from Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nurs

Chapter 14: Regression

Review “Chapter 14: Regression,” and watch the associated videos by Lane, from Online Statistics Education: An Interactive Mu

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

HLT 362 Week 5 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Assessment Traits

Requires Lopeswrite

Assessment Description

Search the GCU Library and find one new health care article that uses quantitative research. Do not use an article from a previous assignment, or that appears in the topic Resources or textbook.

Complete an article analysis and ethics evaluation of the research using the “Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics” template. See Chapter 5 of your textbook as needed, for assistance.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. A link to the LopesWrite technical support articles is located in Class Resources if you need assistance.

Rubric Criteria

Article (Quantitative, APA Citation and Permalink)

Criteria Description

Article (Quantitative, APA Citation and Permalink)

The article presented is based on quantitative research.

Article Citation and Permalink

Criteria Description

Article Citation and Permalink

Article citation and permalink are presented. Article citation is accurately presented in APA format. Page numbers are accurate and used in all areas when citing information.

Broad Topic Area/Title

Criteria Description

Broad Topic Area/Title

Broad topic area and title are fully presented and accurate.

Problem Statement

Criteria Description

Problem Statement

Problem statement is accurate and clearly summarized.

Purpose Statement

Criteria Description

Purpose Statement

Purpose statement is accurate and clearly summarized.

Research Questions

Criteria Description

Research Questions

Research questions are presented and accurate.

Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used.)

Criteria Description

Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used.)

Hypothesis is accurate and clearly defined

Identify Variables and Type of Data for Variables

Criteria Description

Identify Variables and Type of Data for Variables

Variable type and data for variable are presented and accurate.

Population of Interest for Study

Criteria Description

Population of Interest for Study

Population of interest for the study is presented and accurate.

Sample

Criteria Description

Sample

Sample is presented and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.

Sampling Method

Criteria Description

Sampling Method

Sampling method is presented and accurate.

Identify Data Collection

Criteria Description

Identify Data Collection

How data were collected is fully identified and accurate.

Summary of Data Collection Approach

Criteria Description

Summary of Data Collection Approach

The means of data collection are thoroughly summarized and accurate. Page citation for sample information is provided.

Data Analysis

Criteria Description

Data Analysis

Data analysis is discussed. Types of statistical tests used for the variables are all indicated and accurate.

Summary Results of Study

Criteria Description

Summary Results of Study

The results of study are well summarized. The summary is accurate and clearly represents the results of the study.

Summary Assumptions and Limitations

Criteria Description

Summary Assumptions and Limitations

Assumptions and limitations from the article are identified and accurate. Potential assumptions and limitations not listed by the author are summarized. Strong rationale is provided to support summary.

Summary of Ethical Considerations

Criteria Description

Summary of Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations related to sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, and publishing results are clearly summarized. The ethical considerations summarized are reasonable. Strong rationale and support are provided.

Mechanics of Writing

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, and language use)

The writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.

REFERENCES MUST BE BETWEEN 2019-2023

RESSOURCES

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Use the “Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics” template to complete the Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research

HLT-362V-RS5-ArticleAnalysisEthicalEval-Template.docx

Excel for Windows Training

Review the “Excel for Windows Training” modules, located on the Microsoft Office website, and use them as resources for the Summa

Challenges in Conducting Qualitative Research in Health: A Conceptual Paper

Read “Challenges in Conducting Qualitative Research in Health: A Conceptual Paper,” by Khankeh, Ranjbar, Khorasani-Zavareh, Zargh

National Cancer Institute Data

Use the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet to complete the Summary and Descriptive Statistics assignment.

HLT-362V-RS5-NationalCancerInstitutedata.xlsx

	American Indian / Alaska Native (includes Hispanic)	Asian / Pacific Islander (includes Hispanic)	Black (includes Hispanic)	Hispanic (any race)	White (includes Hispanic)	National Cancer Institute (2018) Lung and bronchus cancer. Retrieved from Janary 8, 2019 from https://seer.cancer.gov/ explorer/application.php?site=47 &data_type=1&graph_ type=2&compareBy=race&chk_ sex_1=1&chk_race_5=5&chk_ race_4=4&chk_race_3=3&chk_ race_6=6&chk_race_2=2&chk_ age_range_1=1&chk_data_type_ 1=1&advopt_precision=1&advopt_ display=1&showDataFor=sex_1_ and_age_range_1_and_data_type_1
Year of Diagnosis	Rate per 100,000	Rate per 100,000	Rate per 100,000	Rate per 100,000	Rate per 100,000
2000	45.7	41.8	77.8	34.2	68.8
2001	47.9	41	79	34.1	68.7
2002	44.6	40.4	75.8	34.1	68
2003	50	40.9	77.3	34.5	67.1
2004	51.7	40.5	75.1	35	65.8
2005	48.7	40.2	73.7	33.8	65.9
2006	46.4	39.8	73.4	32	65.8
2007	43.1	38.8	71.2	32.7	65.2
2008	45	38.5	70.8	32.2	63.9
2009	40.1	39	71.6	31.8	63.1
2010	42.4	37	67.8	30.3	60.4
2011	39.6	36.6	64.1	29.4	58.5
2012	36.6	36.7	64.3	28.2	57.5
2013	39.9	36.6	60.5	28.8	56.3
2014	32	34	61.3	26.8	55.4
2015	38.7	34.4	57.4	26	53.2

HLT 362 Week 1 Statistics Assignment

Ethics in Medical Research and Publication

Read “Ethics in Medical Research and Publication,” by Masic, Hodzic, and Mulic, from International Journal of Preventative Me

Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges

Read “Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges,” by Tripathy, from Iranian Journal of Public Health (2013)

What Are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is There a Conflict Between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing?

Read “What Are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is There a Conflict Between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nur

Chapter 2. Health Databases and Health Database Organizations: Uses, Benefits, and Concerns

Read “Chapter 2. Health Databases and Health Database Organizations: Uses, Benefits, and Concerns,” by Donaldson and Lohr, from t

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

Using Epidemiological Data to Guide Clinical Practice: Review of Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Read “Using Epidemiological Data to Guide Clinical Practice: Review of Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Combined Oral Con

Ethical Challenges of Researchers in Qualitative Studies: The Necessity to Develop a Specific Guideline

Read “Ethical Challenges of Researchers in Qualitative Studies: The Necessity to Develop a Specific Guideline,” by Sanjari, Bahra

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 5 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

HLT362 Week 5 Assignment 2 Summary and Descriptive Statistics

Summary and Descriptive Statistics

Assessment Description

There is often the requirement to evaluate descriptive statistics for data within the organization or for health care information. Every year the National Cancer Institute collects and publishes data based on patient demographics. Understanding differences between the groups based upon the collected data often informs health care professionals towards research, treatment options, or patient education.

Using the data on the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet, calculate the descriptive statistics indicated below for each of the Race/Ethnicity groups. Refer to your textbook and the topic Resources, as needed, for assistance in with creating Excel formulas.

Provide the following descriptive statistics:

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode
Measures of Variation: Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range (a formula is not needed for Range).
Once the data is calculated, provide a 150-250 word analysis of the descriptive statistics on the spreadsheet. This should include differences and health outcomes between groups.

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are not required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite.

Rubric Criteria

Measures of Central Tendency

Criteria Description

Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median and Mode)

Measures of central tendency are calculated.

Measures of Variation

Criteria Description

Measures of Variation (Variance, Standard Deviation and Range)

Measures of central variation are calculated for variance and standard deviation. Range is identified.

Analysis of Descriptive Statistics

Criteria Description

Analysis of Descriptive Statistics

Analysis of the descriptive statistics for differences and health outcome recommendations between the groups is extremely thorough and accurate and includes substantial explanation and supporting details.

Excel Formulas

Criteria Description

Excel Formulas

Excel formulas are complete and correct for all problems.

Mechanics of Writing

Criteria Description

Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)

references must be between 2018-2022

Resources

Chapter 2. Health Databases and Health Database Organizations: Uses, Benefits, and Concerns

Read “Chapter 2. Health Databases and Health Database Organizations: Uses, Benefits, and Concerns,” by Donaldson and Lohr, from t

Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics

Use the “Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics” template to complete the Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research

HLT-362V-RS5-ArticleAnalysisEthicalEval-Template.docx

Ethics in Medical Research and Publication

Read “Ethics in Medical Research and Publication,” by Masic, Hodzic, and Mulic, from International Journal of Preventative Me

Challenges in Conducting Qualitative Research in Health: A Conceptual Paper

Read “Challenges in Conducting Qualitative Research in Health: A Conceptual Paper,” by Khankeh, Ranjbar, Khorasani-Zavareh, Zargh

Ethical Challenges of Researchers in Qualitative Studies: The Necessity to Develop a Specific Guideline

Read “Ethical Challenges of Researchers in Qualitative Studies: The Necessity to Develop a Specific Guideline,” by Sanjari, Bahra

The Visual Learner: Statistics

Refer to the “Visual Learner: Statistics” to learn more about the statistical calculations presented in this topic.

http://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner/the-visual-learner-v2.1.html

Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges

Read “Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges,” by Tripathy, from Iranian Journal of Public Health (2013)

Using Epidemiological Data to Guide Clinical Practice: Review of Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Combined Oral Contraceptives

Read “Using Epidemiological Data to Guide Clinical Practice: Review of Studies on Cardiovascular Disease and Use of Combined Oral Con

Applied Statistics for Health Care

Read Chapter 5 in Applied Statistics for Health Care.

https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/applied-statistics-for-health-care_1e.php

What Are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is There a Conflict Between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing?

Read “What Are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is There a Conflict Between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nur

Excel for Windows Training

Review the “Excel for Windows Training” modules, located on the Microsoft Office website, and use them as resources for the Summa

National Cancer Institute Data

Use the “National Cancer Institute Data” Excel spreadsheet to complete the Summary and Descriptive Statistics assignment.

HLT-362V-RS5-NationalCancerInstitutedata.xlsx